A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs off Curaçao, southern Caribbean, with comments on depth distributions of western Atlantic liopropomins

ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014) A peer-revi iewed open-access journa I

doi: 10.3897/zookeys.409.7249 RESEARCH ARTICLE #7,00Ke y

WWwW.ZOO keys.o rg Launched to accelerate biodiversity research

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae,
Liopropomini) from deep reefs off Cura¢gao, southern
Caribbean, with comments on depth distributions
of western Atlantic liopropomins

Carole C. Baldwin'*t, D. Ross Robertson**

| Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
DC 20560 2. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama

T Attp://zoobank. org/B21379DC-6FF2-4C99-89FC-FIFD5B30911D
* Attp://zoobank.org/ADOD80E1-BEAB-4F95-8594-3B1E5774FA18

Corresponding author: Carole C. Baldwin (baldwinc@si.edu)

Academic editor: NV. Bogutskaya | Received 12 February 2014 | Accepted 29 April 2014 | Published 15 May 2014
Attp://zoobank. org/BA212ABD-69C4-4E4B-8E6 D-C59C10754498

Citation: Baldwin CC, Robertson RD (2014) A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini)
from deep reefs off Curacao, southern Caribbean, with comments on depth distributions of western Atlantic liopropomins.

ZooKeys 409: 71-92. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.409.7249

Abstract

Collecting reef-fish specimens using a manned submersible diving to 300 m off Curacao, southern Carib-
bean, is resulting in the discovery of numerous new fish species. The new Liopropoma sea bass described here
differs from other western Atlantic members of the genus in having VIII, 13 dorsal-fin rays; a moderately
indented dorsal-fin margin; a yellow-orange stripe along the entire upper lip; a series of approximately 13
white, chevron-shaped markings on the ventral portion of the trunk; and a reddish-black blotch on the tip
of the lower caudal-fin lobe. The new species, with predominantly yellow body and fins, closely resembles
the other two “golden basses” found together with it at Curacao: L. aberrans and L. olneyi. It also shares
morphological features with the other western Atlantic liopropomin genus, Bathyanthias. Preliminary phy-
logenetic data suggest that western Atlantic liopropomins, including Bathyanthias, are monophyletic with
respect to Indo-Pacific Liopropoma, and that Bathyanthias is nested within Liopropoma, indicating a need
for further study of the generic limits of Liopropoma. The phylogenetic data also suggest that western
Atlantic liopropomins comprise three monophyletic clades that have overlapping depth distributions but
different depth maxima (3-135 m, 30-150 m, 133-411 m). The new species has the deepest depth range
(182-241 m) of any known western Atlantic Liopropoma species. Both allopatric and depth-mediated eco-

logical speciation may have contributed to the evolution of western Atlantic Liopropomini.

Copyright C.C. Baldwin |,D.R. Robertson. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY
4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

‘5. Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Keywords
Liopropoma aberrans, Liopropoma olneyi, submersible, Substation Curacao, Deep Reef Observation Project
(DROP), DNA barcoding, phylogeny, modes of speciation

Introduction

Submersible diving to 300 m off Curacao in the southern Caribbean as part of the
Smithsonian Institution’s Deep Reef Observation Project (DROP) is expanding our
knowledge of the deep-reef Caribbean fish fauna (Baldwin and Robertson 2013, Bald-
win and Johnson 2014). Recent collections of fishes included multiple individuals of
what we initially identified as Liopropoma aberrans (Poey 1860) based on their predom-
inantly golden color pattern. Subsequent analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences
(COD) from those specimens, detailed morphological examination of the preserved
voucher specimens, and the discovery of consistent patterns of variation in coloration
in photographs of vouchers taken prior to preservation led to the description of some
of those individuals as a new species, L. o/neyi Baldwin & Johnson, 2014. Additional
genetic and morphological data indicate that the “golden basses” off Curacao, in fact,
comprise three species, L. aberrans, L. olneyi, plus one undescribed species. Herein we
describe this third species, Liopropoma santi sp. n.

Liopropoma (Atlantic and Pacific), Bathyanthias (western Atlantic), and the mono-
typic Rainfordia (Indo-Pacific) form the monophyletic epinepheline serranid tribe Lio-
propomini (Baldwin and Johnson 1993). Twelve species of liopropomins currently are
known from the western Atlantic, including the new species described herein: seven
species of Liopropoma, four species of Bathyanthias, and a putative new species of the
latter genus that we refer to here. These western Atlantic liopropomin species inhabit
both shallow (< 50 m) and deep (to 411 m) reefs in Caribbean and adjacent waters. To
compare species depth preferences, we use the known depth maximum and minimum
for each species. To investigate how deep and shallow species are interrelated, we use
the COI data to hypothesize the phylogeny of the group and then analyze the results in
the context of the known depth distributions of the various species. Based on these re-
sults, we comment on possible modes of speciation in western Atlantic liopropomins.

Materials and methods

The manned submersible Curasub (http://www.substation-Curacao.com) was employed
to collect fishes and invertebrates during various field periods between 2011 and 2013.
Fish specimens were collected using the fish anesthetic quinaldine pumped from a res-
ervoir through a tube attached to one hydraulic arm of the sub and a suction hose (that
uses the same pump as the anesthetic-delivery apparatus) attached to the other arm.
The latter empties into a vented plexiglass cylinder attached to the outside of the sub.
At the surface, the specimens were measured, photographed, tissue sampled (muscle

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 73

biopsy from right side) and preserved. ‘They were later x-rayed with a digital radiography
system. Counts and measurements included in the description follow Hubbs and Lagler
(1958) and Randall and Taylor (1988). Measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm
with an ocular micrometer fitted into a Wild stereomicroscope (smallest specimen) or
with needle-point dial calipers. Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj Pérez (2012).

Tissue samples for DNA Barcoding were stored in saturated salt-DMSO (dimethyl
sulfoxide) buffer (Seutin et al. 1991). DNA extraction, PCR, sequencing cytochrome
c oxidase subunit I (COI), and editing COI sequences were performed as outlined by
Weigt et al. (2012). A neighbor-joining tree (Saitou and Nei 1987) was generated using
PAUP*4.1 (Swofford 2002) on an analysis of Kimura two-parameter distances (Kimura
1980). The neighbor-joining tree shows genetic distances in COI among individuals
and how they cluster into genetically distinct lineages, which, in teleost fishes, corre-
spond well with species (e.g. Baldwin and Weigt 2012, Weigt et al. 2012). Interspecific
phylogenetic relationships were hypothesized for western Atlantic liopropomins and
three Indo-Pacific species of Liopropoma based on maximum parsimony analysis of the
COI sequences using heuristic searches in PAUP*4.1. Characters were equally weighted
and left unordered. The resulting equally parsimonious trees were summarized using the
strict consensus method. Outgroups for both analyses were two members of the sister
group of the Liopropomini — Grammistes sexlineatus (Thunberg, 1782) and Rypticus
carpenteri Baldwin & Weigt, 2012, of the tribe Grammistini (Baldwin and Johnson
1993), and the trees were rooted on a more distant outgroup, Scorpaena plumieri of the
family Scorpaenidae. We follow Johnson (1983) and Baldwin and Johnson (1993) in
recognizing a monophyletic family Serranidae and subfamily Epinephelinae pending
resolution of serranid relationships in light of conflicting hypotheses based on molecu-
lar data (e.g., Smith and Craig 2007, Betancur et al. 2013, Near et al. 2013).

The label for each entry on the neighbor-joining tree is an assigned DNA number,
and we include that number in the designation of type specimens and in some figure
captions. Abbreviations used in DNA numbers are as follows: BAH—Bahamas, BLZ-—
Belize, CUR—Curacao, FLST—Florida Straits, FW RI—Florida Wildlife Research Insti-
tute, MBIO—Moorea Biocode Project, MCgroup—Matthew Craig, MOC—Miguel Oliver
Caribbean Cruise, MOOP—Moorea Deep Reef, TOB—Tobago. GenSeq nomenclature
for DNA sequences (Chakrabarty et al. 2013) and GenBank information are presented

along with museum catalog numbers for voucher specimens in the Appendix.

Results

The neighbor-joining tree (Fig. 1) shows how individual specimens of western Atlantic
Liopropoma sort into genetic lineages based on similarity in COI sequences. Lineages
correlate well with currently recognized species. Genetic distance in COI between pairs
of species of western Atlantic Liopropoma ranges from 5—18%, and distance between L.
santi sp. n., and other western Atlantic Liopropoma species is 13-18% (Table 1). Aver-
age intraspecific variation for western Atlantic Liopropoma is 0O-0.3%, 0.2% for L. santi.

74 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Scorpaena plumiert
CUR11401 2
ey i srt carpenter
MBIO1671 ramymistes sexlineatus
f CUR13253
L. santi — CUR12314
CUR13280
CUR13106
CUR13200
CUR13225
. CUR13227
dt olneyi CUR13244
CUR13290
CUR12060
FLST5001
“ CUR11130
| L. eukrines Mcgroup3333
CUR13259
CUR13226
CURT1025
CUR11001
L. aberrans aie
CURI3248

CUR8333
BLZ8050
BLZ6236

BAH9032
L. rubre BLZ8167 ? ,
BLZ7806
BL26377 .
BLZ5117 : a
BLZ8154 j
; .

BLZ8153
f— BLZB095
CUR8332

BLZ5325
EE. mowbra BLZ5326
BLZ7720
CUR13101
CUR13103
CUR1I131
CUR11386
CURI2315
CUR1I01S
CUR13084
CUR13086
CUR13108
CUR12032

L. carmabi cur12070

CUR12071

CURT1974
CUR13099

CUR13085

FWR20709 Bathyanthias

Moc11791

MBION710
MBIO1472 L. lunulatum

0.03

Figure |. Neighbor-joining tree derived from COI sequences for western Atlantic Liopropoma, the Indo-
Pacific L. Junulatum, and related taxa. The tree was rooted on Scorpaena plumieri. Divergence represented
by scale bar = 3%. Photographs of L. rubre and L. mowbrayi by James Van Tassell and Ross Robertson.

Liopropoma santi sp. n.
http://zoobank.org/83D20375-39CA-457D-8D54-127ACC3ED0B7
http://species-id.net/wiki/Liopropoma_santi

Figs 2—4, Spot-tail Golden Bass

Type locality. Curacao, southern Caribbean

Holotype. USNM 426811, 116 mm SL, DNA #CUR 13253, Curasub submers-
ible, sta. 13-14, southern Caribbean, Curacao, off Substation Curacao downline, near
12°05.069'N, 68°53.886'W, 241 m, quinaldine, 9 Aug 2013, C. C. Baldwin, D. R.
Robertson, A. Driskell, B. van Bebber.

Paratypes. USNM 426813, 76.2 mm SL, DNA #CUR 13280, Curasub submersible,
sta. 13-19, southern Caribbean, Curacao, Playa Forti, Westpoint, 12°22.001'N, 69°9.005
W, 182 m, quinaldine, 15 Aug 2013, A. Schrier, N. Knowlton, R. Sant, B. van Bebber.
USNM 414824, 42.0 mm SL, DNA #CUR 12314, Curasub submersible, sta. 12-19,

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 75

Table |. Average (and range) Kimura two-parameter distance summary for species of western Atlantic
Liopropoma (7), Indo—Pacific Liopropoma (1), western Atlantic Bathyanthias (2), and outgroups Gram-
mistes, Rypticus, and Scorpaena based on cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences of individuals rep-
resented in the neighbor-joining tree in Figure 1. Intraspecific averages are shown in bold. “na” = not

applicable (n=1).

aberrans
carmabi
eukrines
lunulatum

mowbrayi

Ps Ps ee ba BS

olneyi
L. rubre
L. santi sp. n.
B. mexicanus

Bathyanthias sp

L. aberrans

L. carmabi

L. eukrines

L. lunulatum

W. Atl.

W. Atl.

W. Atl.

Indo—Pacific

(n=6)

14.6 (14.2-15.2)

(n=9)

0.2 (0-0.6)

(n=1)

10.5 (10.2-10.8) 15.1 (14.8-15.6) na
14.8 (14.6-15.1) 16.4 (16.1-16.9) 14 (14.0-14.1)
12.2 (11.9-12.5) 8.6 (8.2—9.1) 13.5 (13.4-13.9)

11.8 (11.5-12.1)
11.9 (11.5-12.4)

13.6 (13.4-14.2)
10.5 (10.1-10.9)

13 (12.8-13.1)
12.9 (12.8-13.3)

16.2 (16.0-16.7) 17.6 (17.1-18.4) 15.2 (15.0-15.6)
16.1 (15.8-16.4) 17.6 (17.1-18.4) 15.2 (15.0-15.6)

16.8 (16.5-17)

15.4 (15.2-15.7)

15.4 (-)

(n=2)

0.1 (0-0.2)

15.5 (15.3-15.8)
14.7 (14.4-14.9)
15.8 (15.3—16)
16.4 (16.0-16.9)
16.4 (16.0-16.9)
16 (15.9-16.1)

G. sexlineatus

18.6 (18.3-18.8)

17.9 (17.7-18.4)

18)

17 (16.9-17.1)

R. carpenteri

17.3 (17.1-17.5)

17.9 (17.9-18.1)

14.8 (-)

15.4 (15.4-15.5)

S. plumieri PLATO WO 99 5) 21.6 (21.4—22) 20.9 (-) 19.8 (19.7-19.8)
L. santi sp. n.
W. Atl. W. Atl. W. Atl. W. Atl.
(n=3)

L. mowbrayi 0.2 (0-0.6)

L. olneyi 13.3 (13.0-13.7) | 0 (0-0.3)

L. rubre YES 3=60) 12.5 (12.2-13.2) | 0 (0-0.3)

L. santi sp. n.
B. mexicanus
Bathyanthias sp

15.5 (14.8-16.5) | 13.3 (13.0-13.5) | 16.4 (15.9-17.6) | 0.2 (0.0-0.3)
13.9 (13.8-14.1) | 13.4 (13.4-13.5) | 13.8 (13.7-14.3) | 16.2 (15.9-16.9)

14.8 (14.6-14.9)

15.2 (15.1-15.4)

14.6 (14.5-14.8)

16.4 (16.2-16.7)

G. sexlineatus

18.1 (18.0-18.5)

18.9 (18.7-18.9)

18 (17.8-18.3)

20.8 (20.5—21.5)

R. carpenteri

16.8 (16.6-17)

18.6 (18.4-18.6)

17.4 (17.2-17.5)

17.5 (17.5-17.6)

S. plumieri 24.5 (24.4-24.8)
B. mexicanus | Bathyanthias sp | G. sexlineatus | R. carpenteri | S. plumieri

W. Atl.
(n=1)

B. mexicanus

Bathyanthias sp

G. sexlineatus

R. carpenteri

S. plumieri na

76 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

southern Caribbean, Curacao, east of Substation Curacao downline, near 12°05.069'N,
68°53.886'W, 209 m, 15 Aug 2012, C. C. Baldwin, B. Brandt, B. van Bebber.

Diagnosis. A liopropomin serranid with the following combination of characters:
dorsal fin VHI,13; anal fin II, 8; pectoral fin 15; total gill rakers on first arch (includ-
ing rudiments) 20—21; lateral-line scales 47-48; length of first dorsal spine 2.9-4.2%
SL; margin of spinous dorsal fin moderately indented posteriorly in adults (fourth
spine 11-12% SL, fifth and sixth spines only slightly shorter than fourth—6.9-10%
SL); depth at origin of dorsal fin 23-26% SL; least depth of caudal peduncle 11-13%
SL; orbit diameter 9.4—12% SL; yellow-orange stripe externally on upper lip; series
of approximately 13 white, chevron-shaped markings on ventral portion of trunk;
reddish-black blotch on distal portion of lower caudal-fin lobe; inhabiting depths of
182-241 m.

Description. Counts and measurements of holotype, if different from those of
paratypes, are given in parentheses. Dorsal-fin rays VIII, 13; anal-fin rays III, 8; pecto-
ral-fin rays (both sides) 15; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; principal caudal-fin rays 9+8=17; pro-
current caudal-fin rays 9+9=18; pored lateral-line scales 48 (47), two additional pored
scales present on base of caudal fin not included in total count; scales from lateral line
to dorsal-fin origin 3 or 4 (3); gillrakers on first arch, including rudiments, 6+14-15
(6+14); upper limb with 3 rudiments + 3 rakers, lower limb with 11-13 rakers + 2-3
rudiments, total 20—21 (20); vertebrae 10 + 14.

Body proportions expressed as percentage of SL. Body depth at origin of dorsal fin
23-26 (26); body width just behind gill opening 11-14 (14); head length 37-39 (37);
snout length 7.4—9.1 (9.1), relative length increasing with increasing SL; orbit diam-
eter 9.4-12 (9.4) relative diameter decreasing with increasing SL; bony interorbital
width 4.5—5.5 (5.5); upper-jaw length 16-18 (18); greatest depth of maxilla 5.0-6.1
(6.1); least caudal-peduncle depth 11-13 (13); caudal-peduncle length 22—24 (23);
lengths of dorsal-fin spines: (I) 2.9-4.2 (4.2); (II) 11-12 (12); (HI) 13-15 (14); (IV)
11-12 (11); (V) 6.9-10 (10); (VI) 6.9-8.2 (8.2); (VII) 5.0-7.5 (7.5); (VIII) 4.8-6.9
(6.9); longest dorsal soft ray the 11", length 15-20 (20); length of 3" anal-fin spine
6.9-9.3 (9.3); longest anal soft ray the 5", length 15-17 (16); caudal-fin length 23-28
(23), relative length decreasing with increasing SL; pectoral-fin length 27—30 (27),
fin reaching vertical between anus and origin of anal fin, falling short of anal fin in
all specimens; pelvic-fin length 18-20 (19), fin reaching vertical through base of 6"
dorsal-fin spine, well short of anus.

Interorbital region flat to slightly convex; mouth oblique, maxilla reaching vertical
beyond posterior border of pupil; prominent bony projection on posteroventral corner
of maxilla; lower jaw slightly projecting. Anterior nostril in thin, membranous tube,
nostril situated just posterior to groove between tip of snout and premaxilla; posterior
nostril a simple opening, nostril situated close to orbit (the distance approximately 1.5
nostril diameters). Lateral line strongly arched above pectoral fin, highest point below
fourth and fifth dorsal-fin spines.

Trunk covered with ctenoid scales, scales becoming weakly ctenoid anteriorly and
cycloid on head. Head fully scaled except over branchiostegal area. Holotype with

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 77

Figure 2. Liopropoma santi sp. n., type series: A USNM 426811, holotype, 116 mm SL, DNA #CUR
13253 B USNM 426813, paratype, 76.2 mm SL, DNA #CUR 13280 € USNM 414824, paratype, 42.0
mm SL, DNA #CUR 12314.

short column of scales on dorsal-fin spines HI and IV, scales on basal portion of mem-
branes between spines VI and VIII, three rows of scales covering basal portion of soft
dorsal fin, and some scales extending distally onto soft dorsal-fin membranes; para-
types with same squamation except no scales present on spinous dorsal fin, and 42.0-
mm SL paratype having only basal scale rows on soft dorsal fin. In holotype and larger
paratype, anal fin with two or three rows of scales basally and additional scales that
extend distally onto fin membranes and cover most of fin. In smaller paratype, scales
confined to basal portion of fin. Caudal fin completely scaled in holotype except for

78 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

distal tips of rays; larger paratype with scales covering only proximal half of fin; smaller
paratype with scales confined to basal portion of fin. Scales present on pectoral-fin
base, and elongate scales present on proximal portion of fin. Scales present on pelvic-
fin base and on proximal portion of fin; pelvic axillary scales present.

Jaw teeth small and depressible; upper and lower jaws with bands of villiform
teeth, bands widest anteriorly, largest teeth in innermost row. Vomer with a chevron-
shaped patch of small teeth. Palatines with several rows of small teeth in a long, narrow
band. Opercle with three flattened spines, only the middle one conspicuous. Margin of
upper limb of preopercle and angle with small serrations, lower limb smooth.

Prior to preservation (Figs 2, 3), background color of upper portions of trunk and
caudal peduncle yellow, grading to pale pink around midbody, then to white ventrally;
no abrupt transitions between those colors; many individual scales on upper half of
body marked with orange spots in adults, densely so in holotype; a series of about 13
narrow, bright-white, chevron-shaped bars that point posteriorly present on lower half
of trunk, series extending from just behind pectoral-fin base to vertical through center
or posterior portion of anal fin; upper arms of white bars more strongly defined; nape
yellow from dorsal midline ventrally to about mid-eye level (with some orange spots
on scales in adults), grading anteriorly into an irregularly shaped area of purplish-pink
over and behind eye, on upper portion of iris, and on snout; a yellow blotch present
behind center of eye (in adults) and a smaller one present on dorsal midline of snout
just anterior to orbit; iris mostly orange-yellow, grading to fine inner yellow ring;
prominent, mostly deep-yellow (adults) or mostly orange (juvenile) stripe along out-
side of entire upper lip, this pigment spreading slightly above lip along anterior half of
jaw in adults and merging with the pink/orange pigment on snout of juvenile; inside of
lower lip with small blotch of yellow pigment in adults, inside of upper lip with stripe
of yellow (adults) or orange (juvenile); photographic angle did not permit characteriza-
tion of pigment on inside of lower lip of juvenile; lower jaw and lower two thirds of
head white, with pinkish cast in holotype; in adults, dorsal fin with yellow spines and
mostly white inter-spinous membranes; soft dorsal-fin rays yellow, membrane between
anterior rays yellow, and membrane between rays of remainder of fin with small to
large pale area centrally, size of pale area increasing posteriorly such that membrane
between posteriormost rays completely pale; some rays and membranes in posterior
portion of soft dorsal fin with pale rose pigment in smaller adult; a thin white margin
extending along outer edge of entire dorsal fin, this margin appearing blue-white when
fish photographed against black background (Fig. 3); in juvenile, inter-spinous mem-
branes of dorsal fin mostly pale and soft dorsal mostly pale except for yellow stripe at
the base and yellow stripe near outer margin of fin; caudal fin mostly yellow in holo-
type, central portion of fin with pale outer margin and with pale to pinkish-orange
membranes between rays; thin pinkish-orange stripe present along dorsal and ventral
margins of fin; distal tip of lower lobe with reddish-black blotch, a few thin streaks of
black extending proximally from this blotch; pigment on caudal fin of smaller adult
similar but with less pinkish-orange pigment, and caudal fin of juvenile mostly clear
with a large, oval-shaped, oblique yellow blotch on outer half of both upper and lower

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 79

Figure 3. Liopropoma santi sp. n., USNM 426811, holotype, 116 mm SL (photographed against a black
background).

Figure 4. In-situ photograph of Liopropoma santi sp. n., taken from the Curasub submersible at 204 m on

a reef slope off Jan Theil Bay, Curacao, 5 Nov 2013. Photo courtesy of Substation Curagao.

lobes; dark spot on distal portion of ventral caudal lobe relatively larger in juvenile;
anal fin white, with faint pinkish-yellow streak on first through fifth rays in holotype,
little or no color in smaller adult and juvenile; pelvic fin white; pectoral fin translucent
with pale pinkish-orange cast; general coloration most intense in the holotype and least
intense in the juvenile.

In alcohol (see Fig. 6A), body pale, the only pigment a dark blotch on distal tip of

ventral caudal-fin lobe.

80 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Distribution. Known only from Curacao, southern Caribbean.

Habitat. Off Curacao, L. santi is found from 182—241 m inhabiting rocky slopes
and ledges. It retreats into small caves and crevices when approached and illuminated
by the submersible. Figure 4 shows an in-situ photograph taken from the Curasub
submersible at 204 m on a reef slope off Jan Theil Bay, Curacao.

Etymology. The specific name honors Roger Sant, who participated in the Cu-
rasub submersible dive at Playa Forti during which the USNM 426813 paratype was
collected. Roger and Victoria Sant have provided generous funding to the Smithsonian
Institution’s National Museum of Natural History for ocean-related activities.

Common name. “Spot-tail golden bass” is in reference to the dark spot on the
lower lobe of the caudal fin, which, along with other characters, distinguishes L. santi
from the two other species of western Atlantic Liopropoma that have predominantly
golden coloration, L. aberrans and L. olneyi.

Comparisons. Counts and measurements of the three western Atlantic “golden
basses” collected off Curacao, L. santi, L. aberrans, and L. olneyi, are given in Table 2,
representative images of the three are provided in Figure 5, and a summary of major
differences among them appears in Table 3. An image of a freshly collected specimen
of a species of the related genus Bathyanthias is also included in Figure 5 for compara-
tive purposes. Liopropoma santi is easily distinguished from the others by color in life,
especially by the presence of a yellow or orange stripe externally on the upper lip, a
series of white chevron-shaped markings on the ventral portion of the trunk, and the
reddish-black blotch on the distal portion of the lower caudal-fin lobe. The last also
visually distinguishes L. santi from L. aberrans and L. olneyi in preservative. Liopropoma
santi is further distinguished from both of those species by having more dorsal-fin rays,
more gill rakers on the first arch, and usually a larger eye (Table 2). From L. aberrans,
L. santi is further distinguished by having more pectoral-fin rays, a narrower body at
the dorsal-fin origin, a narrower caudal peduncle, longer fourth-sixth dorsal-fin spines,
and a more shallow indentation in the spinous dorsal fin (Tables 2, 3).

Baldwin and Johnson (2014) discussed the status of L. aberrans, which was de-
scribed from a single specimen collected off Cuba in the 19" century (Poey 1860) and
redescribed from a single specimen collected off the Bahamas in the 20" century (Rob-
ins 1967). They noted differences in the descriptions of color patterns of the two speci-
mens and numbers of dorsal-fin rays (IX, 12 in Poey’s L. aberrans, VIII, 12 in Robins’
L. aberrans), and they questioned whether or not the two specimens represent the same
species. Specimens of L. aberrans collected off Curagao (“Curacao L. aberrans’) share
with the Bahamas L. aberrans the same dorsal-fin count, general body shape, and color
pattern, although Baldwin and Johnson (2014) noted some differences in the color
pattern. Curacao L. aberrans have 17-18 gill rakers on the first arch (Table 2), whereas
Robins (1967) reported 14 for the Bahamas specimen; however, as noted by Baldwin
and Johnson (2014), Robins’ count only included the rudimentary pads on the upper
limb. Examination of the Robins’ Bahamas specimen (UMML 22324) indicates that
there are four rudimentary pads on the lower limb, and thus the total number of gill
rakers on the first arch is 18.

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs...

81

Table 2. Selected counts and measurements for the type series of Liopropoma santi sp. n., L. aberrans from

Curacao, and L. o/neyi. Measurements are in percentages of SL. Data for L. aberrans are from Curagao

specimens examined in this study, those for L. olneyi are from Baldwin and Johnson (2014).

L. santi L. santi L. santi L. olneyi L. aberrans

Museum Catalog USNM 426811 | USNM 426813) USNM 414824 S.A di Sued di
Numbers Holotype Paratype Paratype ee a
SL (mm) 116 76.2 42.0 53.2-84.3 64.8-116
Dorsal Fin VIII, 13 VIII, 13 VIII, 13 IX, 11 VIII, 12
Pectoral Fin 15 15 15 14-15 14
eee on Pirst 6+14=20 6+14=20 6+15=21 | 5-6+12-13=17-19 | 5-6+11-13=17-18
Orbit diameter 9.4 10 12 7.89.4 TA-87
pve ar dorsal: 26 25 23 20-24 27-29

n origin
Least depth of caudal B B W 13-15 16-17
peduncle
Tengen Dhdereaian 11 11 12 9.7-12 8.1-9.7
spine IV
Lengen. of dorsal-fin 95 10 6.9 8.3-9.3 3725.6
spine V
Length of dorsal-fin 8.2 7.9 6.9 7.3-8.9 3.6-5.6
spine VI

Table 3. Summary of differences in morphology and depth ranges among the three golden-colored Lio-

propoma species off Curacao.

Character L. santi sp. n. L. olneyi L. aberrans
Relative body depth Shallow (23-26% SL) Shallow (20-24% SL) Deeper (27-29% SL)
Dorsal fin indentation Moderate (6" spine 7-8% SL) | Weak (6™ spine 7-9% SL) | Strong (6™ spine 46% SL)
Dorsal-fin rays VIII, 13 IX, 11 VII, 12
Gill rakers on first arch 20-21 17-19 17-18
Orbit diameter (% SL) 9.4-12 7.8-9.4 A837.
White flank chevrons yes no no
Body ground colors yellow over white yellow over white yellow over orange
Yellow stripe through eye no yes yes
Yellow-orange upper lip yes no no
Yellow spots on body no adult & juvenile juvenile only
Dark spot on lower
caudal-fin lobe ae ae on
Depth range (m) 181-241 133-193 98-149

Curacao and Bahamas L. aberrans, however, appear to have different depth pref-

erences, with Robins’ L. aberrans occurring deeper—229 m. At Curacao, L. aberrans
was collected between 98 and149 m and observed by us only within that depth range
during nearly 100 submersible dives over a three-year period. This is unlikely to be due
to effects of differences in habitat availability at the two locations, as L. santi and L.
olneyi occur at deeper depths than L. aberrans at Curacao.

82 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Figure 5. Comparison of the three species of “golden basses” off Curacao and Bathyanthias sp. from
Panama: A Liopropoma santi sp. n., USNM 426811, holotype, 116 mm SL, DNA #CUR 13280 B ZL.
aberrans, USNM 426807, 102 mm SL, DNA #CUR 12226 C L. olneyi, USNM 426805, holotype, 84.3
mm SL, DNA #CUR 13200 D Bathyanthias sp., USNM 407791, 110 mm SL, DNA #MOC 11791.

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 83

Figure 6. Comparison of Liopropoma and Bathyanthias: A L. santi sp. n., USNM 426811, holotype, 116
mm SL (photographed after preservation) B B. cubensis (Schultz 1958), USNM 158138, holotype, 80.3
mm SL. Photos by Sandra Raredon.

Poey (1860) did not provide depth data or a gill-raker count for his 115-mm
SL specimen from Cuba. Curacao L. aberrans differs from the Cuban L. aberrans in
dorsal-fin count and certain aspects of color pattern, but fish from those two sites share
the presence of yellow spots on the cheek (sometimes lacking in juvenile Curacao
L. aberrans), spots that were not mentioned by Robins (1967) for the 112-mm SL
Bahamas L. aberrans. The whereabouts of the holotype of L. aberrans are unknown
(Eschmeyer 2013), and, in the absence of additional material from the type locality
for comparative purposes, we follow Baldwin and Johnson (2014) in tentatively recog-
nizing the specimens from Cuba, Bahamas, and Curagao as L. aberrans. As noted by
Baldwin and Johnson (2014), a digitized copy of a color photograph of a specimen of
L. aberrans from Jamaica taken and provided by Patrick Colin shows a color pattern
nearly identical to that of Curacao L. aberrans. Should Poey’s L. aberrans prove to be
distinct from specimens from the Bahamas, Curacao, and Jamaica, one or more new
species will need to be recognized.

Liopropoma santi differs from Poey’s and Robins’ L. aberrans in number of dor-
sal-fin rays (VIII, 13 vs. IX, 12 and VIII, 12, respectively) and shape of dorsal fin
(with only a moderate indentation in spinous dorsal fin in L. santi, deep indentation
in the others). It further differs from Robins’ L. aberrans in numbers of pectoral-fin

84 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Table 4. Dorsal-fin counts of western Atlantic Liopropomini fishes. Data for Bathyanthias atlanticus, B.
cubensis, and B. mexicanus are from Schultz (1958); for Liopropoma aberrans (Cuba) Poey (1860); for L.
aberrans (Bahamas) Robins (1967); for L. carmabi, L. eukrines, L. mowbrayi, L. rubre Randall (1963); and
for L. olneyi Baldwin and Johnson (2014).

SPINES SOFT RAYS
VIII IX 11

13 14
Bathyanthias atlanticus Eee PC
Bathyanthias cubensis Fe eee ee eee ee eel
Bathyanthias mexicanus ee ee ee es [ee |:
|_| +
+
+

Bathyanthias roseus!
Liopropoma aberrans (Curacao)
Liopropoma aberrans (Cuba)

Liopropoma aberrans (Bahamas)

Liopropoma carmabi

Liopropoma eukrines

Liopropoma mowbrayi

Liopropoma olneyi

Liopropoma rubre

Liopropoma santi sp. n.

' As noted by Baldwin and Johnson (1993), Giinther (1880) gave IX, 14 as the dorsal-fin count for B.

roseus, but their examination of a radiograph of the type specimen indicates that it has VIII dorsal spines.

rays (15 vs. 14) and gill rakers on the first arch (20—21 vs. 17-18), and color pattern
(presence of diagnostic color features of L. santi-see Diagnosis—vs. absence). From
other western Atlantic Liopropoma (L. carmabi [Randall 1963], L. eukrines [Starck
and Courtenay 1962], L. mowbrayi [Woods and Kanazawa 1951], L. rubre Poey
1861), L. santi differs most notably in color pattern (Fig. 1) and in having VHI,
13 dorsal-fin rays (vs. VIII, 12 in all except one specimen of L. carmabi with VIII,
13—Table 4).

Counts of L. santi closely match those of Bathyanthias cubensis (Schultz, 1958) in
having VII, 13 dorsal-fin rays; IH, 8 anal-fin rays; 15 pectoral-fin rays; and 20-21
gill rakers on the first arch. Liopropoma santi has 47-49 lateral-line scales, whereas B.
cubensis has 46-47. The two species are otherwise very different. Liopropoma santi has a
shallower trunk (body depth 23—26% SL and caudal-peduncle depth 11-13% SL in L.
santi vs. 28-32% SL and 14-15% SL, respectively, in B. cubensis — Schultz, 1958), and
L. santi has a single blotch of dark pigment on the distal portion of the lower caudal-
fin lobe vs. dark pigment on the distal ends of all caudal-fin rays. Like other species of
Bathyanthias, the dorsal profile of the head in B. cubensis is convex (vs. usually straight
in Liopropoma—although there may be a bump on the snout and the profile may be
slightly convex in large specimens of Liopropoma); there is little indentation in the
margin of the spinous dorsal fin (vs. larger indentation); the posteroventral corner of
the maxilla has a weakly developed hook-like process (vs. well developed in Liopropoma
— see Randall and Taylor [1988] and Baldwin and Johnson [1993]); and in Bathyan-

thias, the anterior portion of the lateral line is broadly curved over the pectoral fin (vs.

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 85

sharply curved in Liopropoma). Differences between L. santi and L. cubensis can be seen
in Figure 6, and the generic characters listed above can be seen in Figures 5 and 6. The
depth range of B. cubensis is greater than that of L. santi, 183-411 m vs. 182-241 m.

Discussion and conclusions

A combination of morphological and genetic differences supports the recognition of
L. santi as a valid new species of Liopropoma. Liopropoma santi inhabits depths of 182-
241 m off Curacao, making it the deepest known Liopropoma species in the western
Atlantic (Fig. 7). The shallower portion of its depth range overlaps the deeper portion
of the depth range of L. olneyi (133-193 m), but with the exception of Robins’ (1967)
specimen of L. aberrans from the Bahamas (229 m), no other western Atlantic Lio-
propoma species occur within the depth range of L. santi. A preliminary phylogeny of
western Atlantic Liopropoma based on parsimony analysis of the COI data is shown in
Figure 8. In that phylogeny, the three species that inhabit depths of 3-135 m (L. rubre,
L. carmabi, and L. mowbrayi) form a monophyletic group that is sister to a clade com-
prising two species that inhabit depths of 30-150 m (L. eukrines and L. aberrans from
Curacao). Those clades combined are sister to a clade comprising the deepest western
Atlantic Liopropoma (L. olneyi and L. santi, 133-241 m) plus two species of the genus
Bathyanthias (B. mexicanus [Schultz 1958] and a putative new species from Panama)
that were collected at 143-259 m. Two additional species of Bathyanthias, B. atlanticus
[Schultz, 1958] and B. cubensis (not available for inclusion in the molecular phyloge-
netic analysis), are known from 82—411 m, and the depth range of non-Curacao L.
aberrans (also not available for inclusion in the phylogenetic analysis) is 89-230 m
(Robins 1967, Ocean Biogeographic Information System [OBIS] - http://www. iobis.
org/, Fishnet 2 - http://www.fishnet2.net/).

The COI data provide excellent support for the monophyly of species of western
Atlantic Liopropoma but poor support for clades within the genus (see bootstrap values
in Fig. 8). Nevertheless, the strict consensus (Fig. 8) suggests that western Atlantic lio-
propomins are monophyletic with respect to Indo-Pacific Liopropoma (L. lunulatum,
L. tonstrinum, and L. pallidum in Fig. 8). A more robust phylogenetic hypothesis is
needed that is derived from additional genes and more Indo-Pacific species of Lio-
propoma, but the COI data suggest a relationship between depth and monophyletic
clades in western Atlantic Liopropomini that warrants further investigation. Members
of the three clades of western Atlantic liopropomins identified in the phylogeny show
a tendency to occupy different depth strata (3-135 m, 30-150 m, and 82-411 m).
Based on our few specimens, it appears that L. santi has larger eyes than its sister spe-
cies, L. olneyi (Table 3), which may represent an adaptation allowing L. santi to extend
its range to greater depths. Among the three golden basses at Curagao (L. aberrans, L.
olneyi, L. santi), L. aberrans has the shallowest range and shows a tendency to have the
smallest eyes (Table 3). Adaptation to life at different depths may have been involved
in the speciation of this co-occuring species group. It may also be involved in the di-

86 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Curacao 182-241 m L. santi og,
Curacao 133-193 m L. olneyi ec |

X

, ae

82-411 m Bathyanthias <> <_

30-150 m L. eukrines
Curacao 98-149 m I. aberrans

0 2 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Depth (m)
Figure 7. Depth distributions of western Atlantic Liopropoma and Bathyanthias species that were in-

cluded in the phylogenetic analysis (see Fig. 8). Photographs of L. rubre and L. mowbrayi by James Van
Tassell and Ross Robertson.

vergence between L. mowbrayi and L. rubre, which represent sister species that show
only partial overlap in their depth ranges (Fig. 7) but broadly overlapping geographic
ranges that incorporate most of the Caribbean and adjacent areas. Adaptation to use of
different depth strata may also have been involved in the initial diversification of west-
ern Atlantic liopropomins into three clades that now occupy the same geographic area.
Such parapatric ecological speciation, in which species diverge along environmental
gradients, has been proposed for other marine fishes including Halichoeres (Rocha et
al. 2005) and Sebastes (Ingram 2011). In Sebastes, Ingram (2011) found a strong signal
of speciational evolution in depth habitats and in traits apparently related to life at dif-
ferent depths, such as eye size.

Conversely, the sister species L. eukrines and L. aberrans overlap substantially in
depth range but show a significant amount of geographic separation: L. eukrines is
largely restricted to the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern USA, whereas L. aberrans
is primarily Caribbean. However, there is one inconsistency in this pattern of either
geographic or depth segregation among members of the same clade: L. carmabi and
both species in its sister group, L. rubre and L. mowbrayi, have both geographic- and
depth ranges that broadly overlap. Liopropomins have pelagic larvae, and allopatric
speciation might be facilitated by larval dispersal to new areas. Possibly both ecological
and allopatric speciation have occurred in the group, but, if so, more information on
depth and geographic distributions, morphological traits associated with life at differ-
ent depths, and evolutionary relationships is needed to estimate their relative roles.
Depth and morphological information for the three members of the L. rubre clade
collected at the same geographic location would be highly relevant in this regard. At

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 87

CUR11401 ;
TOB9102 ne,
71 MBIO1671 “
F CUR13253
LL. santi 100 CUR13280
CUR12314
CUR13106
CUR13200
CUR13225
CUR13227
5 CUR13244
L. olneyi 00 CUR13290
: CUR12060
FLST5001
: CUR11130
=x Bathyanthias 58 FWRI20709

MOC11791

i - MCgroup3333
—, L. eukrines CUR13259
CUR13260
CUR13226

65
L. aberrans 100 CUR11001
CUR11025,

CUR13218
CUR8333
CUR8332
- ) BLZ8050
BLZ6236
BLZ8153.
L. rubre__100 | 8128154
BLZ5117
BL26377
BLZ7806
BLZ8167
BLZ8095
BAH9032
BLZ5325
BLZ5326
BLZ7720
CUR13101
100 GUR13103
L. mowbrayi + cur11015
ees CUR11131
61 CUR11386
CUR12315
CUR13084
CUR13086
CUR13099
CUR12032
CUR13108

: J CUR12070
Sa L. carmabi__100 |} curi2071
= CUR11374
CUR13085
’ L. tunulatum _100 - eio1710
; MBIO1472
ST L. tonstrinum _100_, woops37

; MOOP38
L. pallidum __100 — mpioge1
MBIO962

Figure 8. The strict consensus of a maximum parsimony analysis of the COI region among western
Atlantic Liopropoma and related taxa. The tree was rooted on Scorpaena plumieri, (CUR11401), and the
non-liopropomin serranids Rypticus carpenteri (TOB9102) and Grammistes sexlineatus (MBIO1671) were
included as additional outgroups. Photographs of L. rubre and L. mowbrayi by James Van Tassell and Ross
Robertson; photos of L. pallidum and L. lunulatum by Jeffrey Williams (from Encyclopedia of Life); photo
of L. tonstrinum by Richard Winterbottom (from Encyclopedia of Life).

Puerto Rico all three species in that clade occur on the same mesophotic reefs, where
they reach the same maximum depth (Bejarano et al 2014). At Curacao Adriaan Schri-
er, who operates Substation Curacao, has been actively collecting all three species for
many years using a combination of traditional SCUBA, mixed gas SCUBA, and the
Curasub. He provided (personal communication March 2014) the following informa-
tion for that location: L. rubre occurs at 12-55 m, L. mowbrayi at 12-135m, and L.
carmabi at 25—-100m. He also noted that while LZ. mowbrayi and L. carmabi are found
in areas with small-scale coral and rock shelter and rubble, Z. rubre is restricted to caves
in large scale coral structures and is much more secretive than the other two species.
These observations indicate that members of the L. rubre clade show some degree of
depth segregation within a site, as well as microhabitat segregation.

The phylogeny (Fig. 8) further suggests the need to reanalyze generic relationships
within the Liopropomini, as Bathyanthias is embedded within western Atlantic Liopro-
poma. Morphologically, L. santi, L. olneyi, and Bathyanthias differ from other western

88 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Atlantic Liopropoma in having a smaller indentation in the margin of the dorsal fin, and
those liopropomins lack body stripes and have similar pale orange/yellow/rose colora-
tion. Four species of Bathyanthias have been described — B. atlanticus (Schultz, 1860),
B. cubensis (Schultz, 1860), B. mexicanus (Schultz, 1860), and B. roseus Giinther 1880.
Of those, only B. mexicanus from the Gulf of Mexico (FWRI 20709) was available for
inclusion in our phylogenetic analysis. The other Bathyanthias species included, which
may represent an undescribed species, is from Central America - Panama (USNM
407791, MOC 11791). Its combination of dorsal-, pectoral, lateral-line, and gill-raker
counts do not match any other known species of Bathyanthias.

Of the three western Atlantic species of Liopropoma with depth distributions en-
tirely below depths accessible using conventional scuba gear — L. aberrans, L. olneyi,
and L. santi—two have been discovered only recently through submersible diving
to 300 m off Curacao in the southern Caribbean (L. o/neyi and L. santi). More
exploration of western Atlantic tropical mesophotic and other deep-reef depths is
needed to fully document fish diversity even in well-studied taxonomic groups such
as the Serranidae.

Comparative material

Specimens, color images, or both, were examined of all western Atlantic liopropomin
material listed in the Appendix. The following non-Curacao L. aberrans material was
examined: UF 222324, 1 specimen, Bahamas; UF 230721, 1, Jamaica; UF 230254,
1, French Guiana.

Acknowledgments

For contributing in various ways to this project, we thank the following (in alpha-
betical order): Bruce Brandt, Barry Brown, Cristina Castillo, Patrick Colin, Mat-
thew Craig, Tico Christiaan, Dave Johnson, Rob Loendersloot, Dan Mulcahy, Diane
Pitassy, Sandra Raredon, Rob Robins, Laureen Schenk, Adriaan Schrier, Ian Silver-
Gorges, Raymond Simpson, Jennifer Strotman, Laura Tancredi, Barbara van Bebber,
Lee Weigt. Victor Springer provided helpful comments on a draft of the manuscript.
Funding for the Smithsonian Institution’s Deep Reef Observation Project was provided
internally by the Consortium for Understanding and Sustaining a Biodiverse Planet
to CCB, the Competitive Grants for the Promotion of Science program to CCB and
DRR, the Herbert R. and Evelyn Axelrod Endowment Fund for systematic ichthyolo-
gy to CCB, and externally by National Geographic Society's Committee for Research
and Exploration to CCB (Grant #9102-12). This is Ocean Heritage Foundation/
Curacao Sea Aquarium/Substation Curacao (OHF/SCA/SC) contribution number 4.

A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 89

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A new Liopropoma sea bass (Serranidae, Epinephelinae, Liopropomini) from deep reefs... 91

Appendix

Links between DNA voucher specimens, GenBank accession numbers, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit

I (COI) sequences of Liopropoma santi sp. nov., related Liopropomini, and outgroup taxa.

Catalog Number/DNA Number GenBank No. GenSeq Designation
Liopropoma santi sp. n.

USNM 426811, CUR 13253, Holotype KJ526147 Geneseq-1 COI
USNM 426813, CUR 13280, Paratype KJ526148 genseq-2 COI
USNM 414824, CUR 12314, Paratype KJ526146 genseq-2 COI
Liopropoma olneyi

USNM 426805, CUR 13200, Holotype KE770874 genseq-1 COI
USNM 406130, CUR 11130, Paratype KF770856 genseq-2 COI
USNM 414828, CUR 12060, Paratype KF770862 genseq-2 COI
USNM 426808, CUR 13225, Paratype KF770876 genseq-2 COI
USNM 426809, CUR 13227, Paratype KF770878 genseq-2 COI
USNM 426810, CUR 13244, Paratype KF770879 genseq-2 COI
USNM 426815, CUR 13290, Paratype KF770882 genseq-2 COI
USNM 422698, CUR13106, Paratype KF770872 genseq-2 COI
USNM 426868, FLST 5001, Paratype (larva) KF770883

Liopropoma aberrans

USNM 406001, CUR 11001 KF770853 genseq-4 COI
USNM 406025, CUR 11025 KF770855 genseq-4 COI
USNM 426806, CUR 13218 KF770875 genseq-4 COI
USNM 426807, CUR 13226 KF770877 genseq-4 COI
USNM 426814, CUR 13259 KF770880 genseq-4 COI]
USNM 426812, CUR 13260 KF770881 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma carmabi

USNM 406374, CUR 11374 KF770858 genseq-4 COI]
USNM 414825, CUR 12032 KF770861 genseq-4 COI
USNM 414826, CUR 12070 KF770863 genseq-4 COI
USNM 414827, CUR 12071 KF770864 genseq-4 COI
USNM 413959, CUR 13084 KF770866 genseq-4 COI
USNM 413960, CUR 13085 KF770867 genseq-4 COI
USNM 413961, CUR 13086 KF770868 genseq-4 COI
USNM 422694, CUR 13099 KF770869 genseq-4 COI
USNM 422687, CUR 13108 KF770873 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma eukrines

SIO 01-11, MCgroup 3333 KF770885 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma mowbrayi

USNM 420350, BLZ 5325 JQ840569 genseq-4 COI
USNM 420349, BLZ 5326 JQ840570 genseq-4 COI
BLZ 7720 (photo voucher only) JQ841243 genseq-5 COI
USNM 406015, CUR 11015 KF770854 genseq-4 COI
USNM 406131, CUR 11131 KF770857 genseq-4 COI
USNM 406386, CUR 11386 KF770859 genseq-4 COI
USNM 414815, CUR 12315 KEF770865 genseq-4 COI

92 Baldwin & Robertson / ZooKeys 409: 71-92 (2014)

Catalog Number/DNA Number GenBank No. GenSeq Designation
USNM 422684, CUR 13101 KF770870 genseq-4 COI
USNM 422675, CUR 13103 KF770871 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma rubre

USNM 414697, BAH 9032 KF770852 genseq-4 COI
USNM 419340, BLZ 5117 JQ840571 genseq-4 COI
USNM 416331, BLZ 6236 JQ840899 genseq-4 COI
USNM 416379, BLZ 6377 JQ840900 genseq-4 COI
USNM 416009, BLZ 7806 JQ841244 genseq-4 COI
USNM 415207, BLZ 8050 JQ841640 genseq-4 COI
USNM 415226, BLZ 8095 JQ841637 genseq-4 COI
USNM 415180, BLZ 8153 JQ841638 genseq-4 COI
USNM 415181, BLZ 8154 JQ841641 genseq-4 COI
USNM 415244, BLZ 8167 JQ841639 genseq-4 COI
USNM 414498, CUR 8332 JQ842192 genseq-4 COI
USNM 414499, CUR 8333 JQ842193 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma lunulatum (Pacific)

MBIO 1710 (no photo or specimen voucher) JQ431889 no classification
MNHN 2008-1023, MBIO 1472 JQ431888 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma tonstrinum (Pacific)

USNM 425632, MOOP37 KJ526149 genseq-4 COI
USNM 425630, MOOP38 KJ526150 genseq-4 COI
Liopropoma pallidum (Pacific)

MNHN 2009-0793, MBIO 961 JQ431890 genseq-4 COI
MNHN 2009-0794, MBIO 962 JQ431891 genseq-4 COI
Bathyanthias mexicanus

FWRI 20709 (DNA number same) KF770884 genseq-4 COI
Bathyanthias sp.

USNM 407791, MOC 11791 KF770886 genseq-4 COI
Outgroup Taxa

Grammistes sexlineatus

MNHN 2008-1105, MBIO 1671 JQ431776 | genseq-4 COI
Rypticus carpenteri

USNM 401296, TOB 9102 JN828097 | genseq-4 COI
Scorpaena plumieri

USNM 406401, CUR 11401 KF770860 genseq-4 COI